Articles on Technology, Health, and Travel

Tolkien elvish dictionary of Technology

Tolkien was of the opinion that the inventi.

To make this sound, make your mouth in the shape of the Sindarin (I). Then, shape your lips the same way you shape "U" in Sindarin. Or, take the easy road out and use the Gondorian pronunciation, and say it "i" like the Sindarin "I" above. Recording features the words: Ylf, Cyll, Ym, Gyrth, Lyg, Myl, Yr, Ryn. 00:00.Elvish ( Quenderin) [1] is a word that refers to any of the languages of the Elves, or all of them collectively. All of the Elven languages descend from the Primitive Quendian . During the Third Age the term "Elvish" usually referred specifically to Sindarin since it was the most common vernacular of the Elves.Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Black Speech, Nandorin, Noldorin, Quendya, Quenya, Sindarin, Telerin are languages conceived by Tolkien and they do not belong to us; we neither can nor do claim affiliation with Middle-earth Enterprises nor Tolkien Estate . Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet ...Tolkien used the root √SIL and its variant √THIL for Elvish words for shining things for most of his life. This root first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as unglossed ᴱ√SILI with variant ᴱ√ÞILI and derivatives like ᴱQ. Sil "Moon", ᴱQ. sili-"gleam, glint", ᴱQ.silik "flint", and ᴱQ. silqe "glossy hair" (QL/83), though last of these was the result of blending ...Sindarin Words. The Sindarin words presented here are limited to those Tolkien used in the period around the publication of The Lord of the Rings and afterwards (1951-1973). In early periods, Tolkien used a different names for this language: either “Noldorin” or (even earlier) “Gnomish”. The words from these earlier versions of the language are not strictly …Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary ... (a "Qenya" form from MC:221; alcar means "glory" in Tolkien's later Quenya) Quenya [Quettaparma Quenyallo] Group: Quettaparma Quenyallo. Published 11 years ...Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Home; About; Phrases; Games; Discuss ... The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution.0. S. adjective. great, mighty; large, big, great, mighty; large, big, [ᴱN.] huge. The primitive form of this word in later writings is unclear. The development in Quenya seems indicates a primitive initial mb- and a primitive form of mbeleke, as in Mbelekōro or > Q. (PE17/115, WJ/402).Tolkien’s dictionary of the Elvish languages was created in the 1930s. It was published in the 5th volume of the ‘History of Middle Earth’ and was described as one of the most significant documents by Christopher Tolkien. The Etymologies resemble a scholarly work mentioning all the roots of the protolanguage used by the Elves.A doubtful word according to Tolkien's later conception; in the branch of Eldarin that Nandorin belongs to, primitive KW became P far back in Elvish linguistic history [WJ:375 cf. 407 note 5]. This was not a problem in Tolkien's earlier conception, in which the Danians came from the host of the Noldor, not the Teleri [see PM:76; the idea of the Nandor being of Noldorin origin also occurs in ...Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary ... curu- above but there was a word curu ["k"] in Tolkien's early "Qenya", glossed "magic, wizardry" [LT1:269]). Quenya [Quettaparma Quenyallo] Group ...The words from these earlier versions of the language are not strictly speaking Sindarin. Nevertheless, many fans who compose Sindarin writings adapt some of these early words and use them with Sindarin; see Neo-Sindarin for further information. a² interj. “O!”. Adan n. “Man (as a species)”. ai¹ interj. “hail!”.yar inflected relative pronoun "to whom" (MC:215; this may be "Qenya", but on the other hand both the relative pronoun ya and an allativic ending -r are still valid in Tolkien's later Quenya, cf. mir "into". Later versions of the text in question however use yan [q.v.], with the common dative ending -n.) Likely, yar could also be the plural form of the relative pronoun ya, q.v.Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary ... (a "Qenya" form from MC:221; alcar means "glory" in Tolkien's later Quenya) Quenya [Quettaparma Quenyallo] Group: Quettaparma Quenyallo. Published 11 years ...This root and ones like it were used for Elvish words for “silver” throughout Tolkien’s life. The earliest iteration of the root began with T-, however, appearing as unglossed ᴱ√TELEPE in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. telpe “silver” (QL/91).This was the poem that Galadriel recited to Frodo and the fellowship as they departed Lórien (LotR/377). It is the longest canonical Elvish text published by Tolkien, and one of the longest texts in the corpus. In the literature, it is usually called the Namárië or "Farewell" poem, though in one place Tolkien gave it the formal title ...Mar 30, 2015 · 1-16 of 22 results for "elvish dictionary tolkien" Results. ... A Grammar of an Elvish Language from JRR Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. by David Salo | Apr 1, 2007.Tolkien stated that its final element is the suffix -ond "commonly used in the names of regions or countries" (UT/318), but the translation "(great) green region" indicates he may also have considered the augmentative suffix -on. ... Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Sign in;Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary ... Tolkien noted that "imper[ative] of wishes precedes adj." (VT49:41). VT49:28 has the form nái for "let it be that"; Patrick Wynne theorizes that nái is ...thorn “eagle” (PE13/154), and Tolkien mostly stuck with that form thereafter, though he occasionally used variants like sorne and sorno as noted above. In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, Tolkien listed a large number of declined forms for ᴹQ. soron “eagle”, and those declensions used soron-(or sorun-) as their base.0. S. noun. storm; blow. A Sindarin word in notes from around 1957, derived from primitive wagmē, the equivalent of Q. vangwë "storm" (NM/237). It is not entirely clear whether Tolkien intended the Sindarin word to have the same meaning, as elsewhere gwaew was typically glossed "wind". But in the same paragraph, gwae also appeared ...A noun for a large crow-like bird, appearing in its plural form crebain in The Lord of the Rings (LotR/285). Its singular form craban was given in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, where Tolkien described it as “a bird of the crow-kind” and said it was “not an ancient Sindarin word, and probably a loan from some Mannish ...In these same notes Tolkien said that ele originated first as an interjection meaning “lo!, behold!”, as uttered when the Elves first beheld the stars (WJ/360). In this sense, it might have been a partial restoration of a (hypothetical) early root ᴱ√ ELE used for various words of wonderment and “otherness” in the 1910s and 20s; see that entry for details.A Fan's Guide to Neo-Sindarin - A Textbook for the Elvish of Middle-earth Ents, Elves, and Eriador Elvish Dictionary Sindarin-English English-Sindarin Tolkien and Wales The Story of Kullervo An Introduction to Elvish Tolkien Linguistic Studies Samuel Ullman and "Youth" Write English with Tengwar From Elvish to KlingonA noun for "werewolf" appearing a number of times in Tolkien's notes as a derivative of the root √ÑG(W)AW (PE17/39; PE19/106; Ety/ÑGAW). In the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s Tolkien said it was "usually not used of 'wild wolves', and in TQ [Tarquesta] specially applied to the 'werewolves' of Morgoth" (PE19/106). In notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the ...Tolkien's dictionary of the Elvish languages was created in the 1930s. It was published in the 5th volume of the 'History of Middle Earth' and was described as one of the most significant documents by Christopher Tolkien. The Etymologies resemble a scholarly work mentioning all the roots of the protolanguage used by the Elves.12 February 2010. Format. paperback. Pages. 292. ISBN. 0557255783. A Tolkien English Glossary is a reference book listing and explaining rare and archaic words from J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The material of the book is also published as a free web resource (see External links below).A Dictionary of Tolkien is a glossary-book written by David Day. Published in January of 2013, the book covers various peoples, locations, concepts etc. of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth in alphabetical order, with explanations. The book gives little information that was new in 2013, however, as most information was gathered from Day's previous Middle-earth books. "J.R.R. Tolkien is the father ...The purpose of this page is to provide references to useful, generally reliable, and (in my lay opinion as a non-lawyer) legal resources for those interested in the study of the invented languages of J.R.R. Tolkien. In addition to the general copyright issues associated with the published and unpublished works of any author, legality is further ...Speak Sindarin! Translate. Get your output here 👇. About. Convert from English to Sindarin. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by immortal Elves. J.R.R. Tolkien …Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Home; About; Phrases; Games; Discuss ... The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution.In 1937, Tolkien wrote the Lhammas, a linguistic treatise addressing the relationships of the languages spoken in Middle-earth during the First Age, principally the Elvish languages. The text purports to be a translation of an Elvish work , written by one Pengolodh, whose historical works are presented as being the main source of the narratives ...0874808006. A Gateway to Sindarin: A Grammar of an Elvish Language from J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings is a 2004 book by linguist David Salo. It reproduces all extant Sindarin fragments from published sources - both the easily available ones and the more obscure ones from linguistic journals such as Vinyar Tengwar and Parma Eldalamberon.Noldorin referred to a completely different language, the Welsh-like language of the second tribe (LR/177, 193), but Tolkien later changed that language to Sindarin and decided that the Noldor spoke a dialect of Quenya. Element in. Q. Etya-noldorin “Exile-Noldorin” PE18/076; ... Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Sign in;About this app. The app is English/Elvish (sindarin) dictionary with convenient word search. It will be helpful for people who interests by Tolkien's writing and elvish language. Also the app contains englisn-sindarin phrasebook. This is free version. In pro version you will be available additional phrases in phrasebook section.Elvish Pronunciation Note: names are not 100% accurate. The purpose of this name list is to give you a close Elvish translation of your name, without being long, unpronouncable, or "non-Elvish-sounding". Changes to original name translation are noted where possible (in the form of "lit. '[literal translation]'").N. noun. light of Silpion, †silver, light of Silpion, †silver, *moonlight. A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ silimē glossed “light of Silpion, †silver” (Ety/SIL). Since Silpion was the silver tree of Valinor whose flower was used to create the moon, perhaps this can also mean “ moonlight”; its ...Valarin was extremely alien to the ears of the Elves, sometimes to the point of genuine displeasure, [2] and very few of them ever learned the language, only adopting some of the Valarin words into their own Quenya. The Valar learnt Quenya instead, and used that to converse with the Elves, or with each other if Elves were present.Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, ... The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. ... an elvish dictionary. Sign in;The usual name for the Moon in Sindarin, from an augmented form of the root √THIL (Let/425; Ety/THIL). This word is most likely the proper name of the Moon, analogous to English "Luna": in The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien indicated Ithil was a "poetic name". Compare this to S. Raun "Wanderer", which is more descriptive of the nature of the body and hence closer to "Moon ... So wanted to know how to say "meat shield&quElvish ( Quenderin) [1] is a word that refArdalambion. Of the Tongues of Arda, the invented w

Health Tips for Harvard gangster crips

Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Black Speech, .

Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary ... In later writings, Tolkien changed his given name from Sarmo to Mahtan, so perhaps this sobriquet no longer applied. Quenya [PM/366; PMI/Urundil] Group ...Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Home; About; Phrases; Games; Discuss ... The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution.As a lifelong fan of Tolkien's works, studying the languages has been an important part of comprehending the fantastic world he created. David Salo's _A Gateway to Sindarin_ is an absolutely invaluable resource for those interested not only in the words themselves, but in how the language evolved.zîr-. 0. AD. verb. *to love, desire. An Adûnaic verb appearing as an element in various compounds as -zîr or zîr- (SD/389, 423). The verb was not translated, but its primitive root form ZIR is glossed “love, desire”, so this verb probably has a similar meaning.A doubtful word according to Tolkien's later conception; in the branch of Eldarin that Nandorin belongs to, primitive KW became P far back in Elvish linguistic history [WJ:375 cf. 407 note 5]. This was not a problem in Tolkien's earlier conception, in which the Danians came from the host of the Noldor, not the Teleri [see PM:76; the idea of the Nandor being of Noldorin origin also occurs in ...In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien first gave G. ulug "wolf", but this word's gloss was revised to "dragon" as a cognate to ᴱQ. lōke (GL/74), and Tolkien added a new word G. urc "wolf" as an equivalent to harw. None of the later Elvish "wolf" words resemble either √ULUK-or √URUK-.In The Etymologies, Tolkien provides a series of Elvish linguistic root syllables, or "bases". He then shows how each base evolved into various words in the various Elvish languages, primarily Qenya and Noldorin, but also about ten other variations.Although the derived words cannot necessarily be said to be in their final forms, as Tolkien's invented languages continued to evolve throughout ...Tengwar, if you recall, is "a script that was invented by J.R.R. Tolkien. In his works, the tengwar script, invented by Fëanor, was used to write a number of the languages of Middle-earth, including Quenya and Sindarin. However, it can also be used to write other languages, such as English (most of Tolkien's tengwar samples are actually in ...The concise and well-organized entries ensure that readers can easily find the information they seek, whether it's about a beloved character like Frodo Baggins or the intricacies of Elvish languages. "A Dictionary of Tolkien" is a five-star reference guide that enriches the experience of exploring J.R.R. Tolkien's literary world.Findegil's translation of the notorious Ring verse. Findegil is the co-founder of the Mellonath Daeron, the language guild of the Forodrim, the Swedish Tolkien society. Translated by Findegil of the Mellonath Daeron; original LoTR by Aldaleon . Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of ...The concise and well-organized entries ensure that readers can easily find the information they seek, whether it's about a beloved character like Frodo Baggins or the intricacies of Elvish languages. "A Dictionary of Tolkien" is a five-star reference guide that enriches the experience of exploring J.R.R. Tolkien's literary world.Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. ... entry EK/EKTE, the gloss is given as "spear", but according to VT45:12 this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript.) Quenya [Quettaparma Quenyallo] Group: Quettaparma Quenyallo ...The basic Quenya word for "tree" (LotR/1113), derived from primitive galadā and very well attested. This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ.alda "tree" appeared under the early root ᴱ√ALA "spread" (QL/29). Tolkien seems to have switched its derivation to galadā in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where ᴹQ.The Elven languages, like their alphabet, lacks the static quality that is necessary for a dictionary. Rather the Elves view languages like a painter, who is free to combine and mix the colors he is given to create new words and phrases. Tolkien was intensely aware of the lives of his languages, outside of himself as their creator.Tolkien used similar Elvish words for "seven" for much of his life. The earliest derivation for this number appears in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where ᴱQ. otso "seven" is given under the root ᴱ√OTO "knock", though the etymological relationship is unclear and Tolkien marked ᴱQ.Whether you need to double-check the meaning of a word you think you know or you’ve run into new vocabulary, an online dictionary can be a quick way of getting the linguistic infor...The new additions to the Oxford English Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Collins Dictionary, and Dictionary.com in 2021. We tend to think of dictionaries as authorities on l...A Sindarin and Noldorin dictionary — vous pouvez aussi remonter à la source:) — vous pouvez aussi remonter à la source:)Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet, with thousands of names, words and phrases in beautiful elvish. Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary ... (NĒR), VT46:4; compare VT47:33. In Tolkien's Quenya rendering of Hail Mary, the plural nísi occurs instead of nissi; this form is curious, since nísi would ...Hello and welcome to Realelvish.net! This is the place to get reliable, up to date, well-researched translations in Tolkien’s languages. There are thousands of translations in our databases, all of them made by linguists and Tolkien-language experts. No content here is computer-generated, all translations were done by humans.Q. eldarin, elvish. Eldarin adj. derived from Elda: "Eldarin, Elvish" (Silm, ÉLED). Also in the longer form Eldarinwa (pl. Eldarinwë in VT47:14, in the title Eldarinwë leperi ar notessi, "The Eldarin fingers and numerals") [Quettaparma Quenyallo] Group: Quettaparma Quenyallo. Published 11 years ago by Ardalambion (Helge Fauskanger).In 1937, Tolkien wrote the Lhammas, a linguistic treatise addressing the relationships of the languages spoken in Middle-earth during the First Age, principally the Elvish languages. The text purports to be a translation of an Elvish work , written by one Pengolodh, whose historical works are presented as being the main source of the narratives ...This also makes Tolkien's languages much more alive, than if he had simply given us a dictionary. With a dictionary, we can only refer to things that existed for the Elves in their world. However, with the Etymologies, we can bring the Elven languages into our own world. For Tolkien this idea of the life of a language is very important.Parf Edhellen—an Elvish Book—is a free online dictionary for Tolkien's languages. Tengwar Annatar 1.20 (zipped font package)- A Tengwar Type Family. Wikipedia's Guide to Sindarin - A language of Tolkien's elvish people. The Tengwar Textbook by Chris McKay Fourth Edition April 2004 Version 2.00 (pdf)There are more words but they are from Tolkien's earlier conceptional periods. Tolkien likely changed these words as he evolved the aesthetics and completeness of the languages. You may even find languages that Tolkien later rejected. Do not mix words from different time periods unless you are familiar with the phonetic developments.The Tengwar (pron. [ ˈteŋɡʷar ], Quenya fA noun appearing as ᴹQ. rasse "horn&qu

Top Travel Destinations in 2024

Top Travel Destinations - A Tolkien English Glossary is a reference book listing and

0. Q. Aia María. Tolkien's translation of the Ave Maria prayer into Quenya, composed sometime in the 1950s (VT43/7), first published in the "Words of Joy (Part One)" article in Vinyar Tengwar #43. There are four versions of the prayer, labeled by Tolkien I-IV (VT43/26-8).Oxford English Dictionary. A letter from Tolkien to the OED, explaining the entry "Hobbit". " Tolkienian, a. Of or pertaining to the philologist and author of fantasy literature John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892-1973) or his writings. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), or New English Dictionary as it was called at its initiation, is the ...A verb appearing as infinitive sogo "drink" in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SUK of the same meaning (Ety/SUK), with short u becoming o as usual.. Conceptual Development: The same verb G. sog-"drink" appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/68), but in Tolkien's earlier writings the root was ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85). The verb ᴱN.Description: The first part of the book is dedicated to the "Eldarin Tongues" and contains "Grammar and Dictionary" sections for Quenya and Sindarin, an English-Quenya/Sindarin entry index, a section about the basic structure of the Elvish tongues and their development with time (chapters about Proto-Eldarin-vowels and consonants and a chapter about "Elvish loanwords in Indo-European"), a ...Neo-Sindarin. If you found an asterisk in the phrasebooks, then the word following it is reconstructed. Reconstructed words aren't found in Tolkien's work, but a made by guessing how Tolkien would have made the word. Luckily for us, Tolkien left a lot of material behind to reconstruct from. Of course, this means that using reconstructed ...This root for "(morally) good" and "holy" things dates back to Tolkien's earliest versions of Elvish, probably due to its long-standing connection to the name Q. Manwë, one of the most stable names in Tolkien's Legendarium.The unglossed root ᴱ√MANA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. mane "good (moral)" and ᴱQ.This root was the basis for the main Elvish words for “dusk, night”, which was established as Q. lómë in Quenya for most of Tolkien’s life. The earliest form of this root was ᴱ√ LOMO in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, unglossed but with various derivatives having to do with “dusk” and “shadow” (QL/55).Parf Edhellen: an elvish dictionary. Black Speech, Nandorin, Noldorin, Quendya, Quenya, Sindarin, Telerin are languages conceived by Tolkien and they do not belong to us; we neither can nor do claim affiliation with Middle-earth Enterprises nor Tolkien Estate . Parf Edhellen is one of the most comprehensive elvish dictionaries on the Internet ...A TOLKIEN DICTIONARY. TAKEN FROM. The Indexes of THE LORD OF THE RINGS and THE SILMARILLION by ROBERT IRELAND advisor: LALAITH STRATEGIES. First, let it be established that the author of this dictionary is not a grammarian - he is a student of etymologies.In any language unraveling the source of words, and thereby their subtle …A Dictionary of Tolkien is a glossary-book written by David Day. Published in January of 2013, the book covers various peoples, locations, concepts etc. of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth in alphabetical order, with explanations. The book gives little information that was new in 2013, however, as most information was gathered from Day's previous Middle-earth books. "J.R.R. Tolkien is the father ...Sindarin, also known as Elvish, is an enchanting language. J.R.R. Tolkien created it for his fantasy world of Middle-earth. It comes from Doriath, a fictional realm. Elves spoke it among many other languages. Sindarin has a significant role in Tolkien's epic tales. It adds depth to his mythical universe.quenya noun (original adj.) "speech" (PM:399); the language-name Quenya is said to mean properly "language, speech" (WJ:393); cf. the phrase coirëa quenya "living speech" (PM:399) .However, Quenya (archaic Quendya, still so in Vanyarin) is also interpreted "Elvish" (Letters:176), sc. the adjective corresponding to Quendi (WJ:374), but it was ...Linguistic websites. A Tolkien Dictionary, or www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/Tolkien_Dictionary.html, is a website operated by …Sindarin is one of the constructed languages devised by J. R. R. Tolkien for use in his fantasy stories set in Arda, primarily in Middle-earth. Sindarin is one of the many languages spoken by the Elves. The word Sindarin is Quenya for Grey-elven, since it was the language of the Grey Elves of Beleriand. These were Elves of the Third Clan who ...The Teleri were the third of the Elf clans who took the Great Journey.To them belonged the Valinorean Teleri (known as the Falmari), and the Sindar, Laiquendi, and Nandor of Middle-earth.. At first they were known as Nelyar ("The Third"), and were the largest of the three houses of the Firstborn. According to legend, they were descended from Enel, the third Elf to awake in Cuiviénen, his ...Are you a language enthusiast looking to expand your vocabulary and improve your Urdu skills? With the advancements in technology, it has become easier than ever to have a comprehe...A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dance” with derivative ᴹQ.lilta-of the same meaning (Ety/LILT).It is a later iteration of ᴱ√LḶTḶ “dance” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with both Qenya and Gnomish derivatives … In these same notes Tolkien said that ele originated first a